Retromer-mediated recruitment of the WASH complex involves discrete interactions between VPS35, VPS29, and FAM21.

Endosomal trafficking ensures the proper distribution of lipids and proteins to various cellular compartments, facilitating intracellular communication, nutrient transport, waste disposal, and the maintenance of cell structure. Retromer, a peripheral membrane protein complex, plays an important role in this process by recruiting the associated actin-polymerizing WASH complex to establish distinct sorting domains. The WASH complex is recruited through the interaction of the VPS35 subunit of retromer with the WASH complex subunit FAM21. Here, we report the identification of two separate fragments of FAM21 that interact with VPS35, along with a third fragment that binds to the VPS29 subunit of retromer. The crystal structure of VPS29 bound to a peptide derived from FAM21 shows a distinctive sharp bend that inserts into a conserved hydrophobic pocket with a binding mode similar to that adopted by other VPS29 effectors. Interestingly, despite the network of interactions between FAM21 and retromer occurring near the Parkinson's disease-linked mutation (D620N) in VPS35, this mutation does not significantly impair the direct association with FAM21 in vitro.

Diverse crystalline protein scaffolds through metal-dependent polymorphism.

As protein crystals are increasingly finding diverse applications as scaffolds, controlled crystal polymorphism presents a facile strategy to form crystalline assemblies with controllable porosity with minimal to no protein engineering. Polymorphs of consensus tetratricopeptide repeat proteins with varying porosity were obtained through co-crystallization with metal salts, exploiting the innate metal ion geometric requirements. A single structurally exposed negative amino acid cluster was responsible for metal coordination, despite the abundance of negatively charged residues. Density functional theory calculations showed that while most of the crystals were the most thermodynamically stable assemblies, some were kinetically trapped states. Thus, crystalline porosity diversity is achieved and controlled with metal coordination, opening a new scope in the application of proteins as biocompatible protein-metal-organic frameworks (POFs). In addition, metal-dependent polymorphic crystals allow direct comparison of metal coordination preferences.

Guided Autotransplantation of an Immature Premolar to the Maxillary Incisor Region with Immediate Restoration of Esthetics: A Case Report.

This case report describes the treatment of two maxillary central incisors following a traumatic injury with tooth #8 developing replacement resorption and #9 developing inflammatory root resorption. A 10-year-old girl presented complaining of pain in her maxillary central incisors. Upon clinical examination, teeth #8 and #9 were tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal soft tissues. Thermal and electrical pulpal sensitivity tests for teeth #8 and #9 were negative. An intraoral periapical radiograph revealed resorptive defects in tooth #8, which were filled with bone-like tissue, while tooth #9 had radiolucent resorptive defects along the root surface and a periapical radiolucency. A diagnosis of replacement resorption was made for tooth #8 and external inflammatory root resorption for tooth #9. Tooth #8 was treated with a multidisciplinary approach utilizing a guided template for premolar autotransplantation with an immediate veneer restoration, while tooth #9 was managed with root canal treatment using a tricalcium silicate cement to fill the canal. At the 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24-month follow-ups, the patient remained asymptomatic, and there was no radiographic evidence of root or periapical pathosis on either tooth. The root-end of the donor tooth transplanted to the #8 site continued to develop. This case report highlights successful interdisciplinary management of two forms of root resorption using modern treatment strategies that provided immediate function and esthetics to the maxillary central incisors in a young patient following trauma.

Long Noncoding RNA TALAM1 Is a Transcriptional Target of the RUNX2 Transcription Factor in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It has been reported that genetic and epigenetic factors play a crucial role in the onset and evolution of lung cancer. Previous reports have shown that essential transcription factors in embryonic development contribute to this pathology. Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a family of master regulators of embryonic developmental programs. Specifically, RUNX2 is the master transcription factor (TF) of osteoblastic differentiation, and it can be involved in pathological conditions such as prostate, thyroid, and lung cancer by regulating apoptosis and mesenchymal-epithelial transition processes. In this paper, we identified TALAM1 (Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1) as a genetic target of the RUNX2 TF in lung cancer and then performed functional validation of the main findings. METHODS: We performed ChIP-seq analysis of tumor samples from a patient diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma to evaluate the target genes of the RUNX2 TF. In addition, we performed shRNA-mediated knockdown of RUNX2 in this lung adenocarcinoma cell line to confirm the regulatory role of RUNX2 in TALAM1 expression. RESULTS: We observed RUNX2 overexpression in cell lines and primary cultured lung cancer cells. Interestingly, we found that lncRNA TALAM1 was a target of RUNX2 and that RUNX2 exerted a negative regulatory effect on TALAM1 transcription.

Comparative study of the etiology of nosocomial bacteremic pneumonia in ventilated and non-ventilated patients: a 10-year experience in an institution.

IMPORTANCE: This study on bacteremic nosocomial pneumonia (bNP) demonstrates the importance of this condition both in patients undergoing and not undergoing mechanical ventilation. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacterales, and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli are all causative agents in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), with a predominance of S. aureus in HAP and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in VAP. Mortality in this condition is very high. Therefore, new therapeutic and preventive approaches should be sought.

Wnt binding to Coatomer proteins directs secretion on exosomes independently of palmitoylation.

Wnt proteins are secreted hydrophobic glycoproteins that act over long distances through poorly understood mechanisms. We discovered that Wnt7a is secreted on extracellular vesicles (EVs) following muscle injury. Structural analysis identified the motif responsible for Wnt7a secretion on EVs that we term the Exosome Binding Peptide (EBP). Addition of the EBP to an unrelated protein directed secretion on EVs. Disruption of palmitoylation, knockdown of WLS, or deletion of the N-terminal signal peptide did not affect Wnt7a secretion on purified EVs. Bio-ID analysis identified Coatomer proteins as candidates responsible for loading Wnt7a onto EVs. The crystal structure of EBP bound to the COPB2 coatomer subunit, the binding thermodynamics, and mutagenesis experiments, together demonstrate that a dilysine motif in the EBP mediates binding to COPB2. Other Wnts contain functionally analogous structural motifs. Mutation of the EBP results in a significant impairment in the ability of Wnt7a to stimulate regeneration, indicating that secretion of Wnt7a on exosomes is critical for normal regeneration in vivo . Our studies have defined the structural mechanism that mediates binding of Wnt7a to exosomes and elucidated the singularity of long-range Wnt signalling.

Selective Concurrence of the Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1 and the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 to Promoter Regions of Active Genes in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells.

In cancer cells, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 has arisen as a key partner for the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), an epigenetic modifier. However, it is unknown whether this partnership occurs genome-wide at the chromatin level, as most of the studies focus on single genes that are usually repressed. Due to the genomic binding properties of both macromolecules, we wondered whether there are binding sites shared by PRC2 and MALAT1. Using public genome-binding datasets for PRC2 and MALAT1 derived from independent ChIP- and CHART-seq experiments performed with the breast cancer cell line MCF7, we searched for regions containing PRC2 and MALAT1 overlapping peaks. Peak calls for each molecule were performed using MACS2 and then overlapping peaks were identified by bedtools intersect. Using this approach, we identified 1293 genomic sites where PRC2 and MALAT1 concur. Interestingly, 54.75% of those sites are within gene promoter regions (<3000 bases from the TSS). These analyses were also linked with the transcription profiles of MCF7 cells, obtained from public RNA-seq data. Hence, it is suggested that MALAT1 and PRC2 can concomitantly bind to promoters of actively-transcribed genes in MCF7 cells. Gene ontology analyses revealed an enrichment of genes related to categories including cancer malignancy and epigenetic regulation. Thus, by re-visiting occupancy and transcriptomic data, we identified a key gene subset controlled by the collaboration of MALAT1 and PRC2.

Architecture of the ESCPE-1 membrane coat.

Recycling of membrane proteins enables the reuse of receptors, ion channels and transporters. A key component of the recycling machinery is the endosomal sorting complex for promoting exit 1 (ESCPE-1), which rescues transmembrane proteins from the endolysosomal pathway for transport to the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane. This rescue entails the formation of recycling tubules through ESCPE-1 recruitment, cargo capture, coat assembly and membrane sculpting by mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Herein, we show that ESCPE-1 has a single-layer coat organization and suggest how synergistic interactions between ESCPE-1 protomers, phosphoinositides and cargo molecules result in a global arrangement of amphipathic helices to drive tubule formation. Our results thus define a key process of tubule-based endosomal sorting.

Diversity, composition, and networking of saliva microbiota distinguish the severity of COVID-19 episodes as revealed by an analysis of 16S rRNA variable V1-V3 region sequences.

Studies on the role of the oral microbiome in SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of the disease are limited. We aimed to characterize the bacterial communities present in the saliva of patients with varied COVID-19 severity to learn if there are differences in the characteristics of the microbiome among the clinical groups. We included 31 asymptomatic subjects with no previous COVID-19 infection or vaccination; 176 patients with mild respiratory symptoms, positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2 infection; 57 patients that required hospitalization because of severe COVID-19 with oxygen saturation below 92%, and 18 fatal cases of COVID-19. Saliva samples collected before any treatment were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Oral microbiota in saliva was studied by amplification and sequencing of the V1-V3 variable regions of 16S gene using an Illumina MiSeq platform. We found significant changes in diversity, composition, and networking in saliva microbiota of patients with COVID-19, as well as patterns associated with severity of disease. The presence or abundance of several commensal species and opportunistic pathogens were associated with each clinical stage. Patterns of networking were also found associated with severity of disease: a highly regulated bacterial community (normonetting) was found in healthy people whereas poorly regulated populations (disnetting) were characteristic of severe cases. Characterization of microbiota in saliva may offer important clues in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and may also identify potential markers for prognosis in the severity of the disease. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 infection is the most severe pandemic of humankind in the last hundred years. The outcome of the infection ranges from asymptomatic or mild to severe and even fatal cases, but reasons for this remain unknown. Microbes normally colonizing the respiratory tract form communities that may mitigate the transmission, symptoms, and severity of viral infections, but very little is known on the role of these microbial communities in the severity of COVID-19. We aimed to characterize the bacterial communities in saliva of patients with different severity of COVID-19 disease, from mild to fatal cases. Our results revealed clear differences in the composition and in the nature of interactions (networking) of the bacterial species present in the different clinical groups and show community-patterns associated with disease severity. Characterization of the microbial communities in saliva may offer important clues to learn ways COVID-19 patients may suffer from different disease severities.

Discordant results for ALK based on immunohistochemistry versus fluorescence in situ hybridization in a cohort of patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma / Discordancia de los resultados para ALK basados en inmunohistoquímica e hibridación fluorescente in situ en una cohorte de pacientes diagnosticados con adenocarcinoma de pulmón

Introduction: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement located on the short arm of chromosome 2, region 2 and band 3 is frequent in lung cancer patients who respond to targeted therapies with ALK inhibitors Therefore, their identification has become a standard diagnostic test in patients with advanced NSCLS, as such chromosomal alterations may lead to the activation of important signalling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. Methods: To investigate the ALK gene status, we performed FISH and IHC assays in 18 lung adenocarcinoma patients, 12 women and 6 men, aged between 29 and 85 years. Paraffin-embedded samples were analyzed in the Pathology Department of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Results: Results between the two techniques in 5 patients showed discordant patterns, being positive for FISH and negative for IHC. The borderline to define ALK positivity was set at 15%, These results present experimental evidence that the techniques differ in specific situations. Conclusions: Our findings show that it is advisable to investigate the ALK gene status in patients with suspected lung cancer using both FISH and IHC in combination.(AU)

Introducción: La reorganización de la (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) ALK ubicada en el brazo corto del cromosoma 2, región 2 y banda 3 es frecuente en los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón que responden a terapias dirigidas con inhibidores de la ALK. Por ello, su identificación se ha establecido como una prueba diagnóstica estándar en pacientes con CPCNP, ya que dichas alteraciones cromosómicas puedan determinar la activación de importantes vías de señalización implicadas en la supervivencia y proliferación celulares. Métodos: Para determinar el estatus de gen ALK se realizaron pruebas FISH e IHC en 18 pacientes con adenocarcinoma pulmonar, 12 mujeres y 6 varones, con edades comprendidas entre 29 y 85 años. Las muestras fueron analizadas en el Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Resultados: Los resultados entre ambas técnicas mostraron patrones discordantes en 5 pacientes, con positividad de FISH y negatividad con IHC. El límite para definir la positividad de ALK se estableció en el 15%. Estos resultados muestran evidencia experimental que dichas técnicas difieren en situaciones específicas. Conclusiones: Este estudio recomienda la investigación del estatus del gen ALK en los pacientes con sospecha de cáncer de pulmón, mediante la combinación de FISH e IHC.(AU)

Discordant results for ALK based on immunohistochemistry versus fluorescence in situ hybridization in a cohort of patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement located on the short arm of chromosome 2, region 2 and band 3 is frequent in lung cancer patients who respond to targeted therapies with ALK inhibitors Therefore, their identification has become a standard diagnostic test in patients with advanced NSCLS, as such chromosomal alterations may lead to the activation of important signalling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. METHODS: To investigate the ALK gene status, we performed FISH and IHC assays in 18 lung adenocarcinoma patients, 12 women and 6 men, aged between 29 and 85 years. Paraffin-embedded samples were analyzed in the Pathology Department of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. RESULTS: Results between the two techniques in 5 patients showed discordant patterns, being positive for FISH and negative for IHC. The borderline to define ALK positivity was set at 15%, These results present experimental evidence that the techniques differ in specific situations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that it is advisable to investigate the ALK gene status in patients with suspected lung cancer using both FISH and IHC in combination.

Lung Cancer Gene Regulatory Network of Transcription Factors Related to the Hallmarks of Cancer.

The transcriptomic analysis of microarray and RNA-Seq datasets followed our own bioinformatic pipeline to identify a transcriptional regulatory network of lung cancer. Twenty-six transcription factors are dysregulated and co-expressed in most of the lung cancer and pulmonary arterial hypertension datasets, which makes them the most frequently dysregulated transcription factors. Co-expression, gene regulatory, coregulatory, and transcriptional regulatory networks, along with fibration symmetries, were constructed to identify common connection patterns, alignments, main regulators, and target genes in order to analyze transcription factor complex formation, as well as its synchronized co-expression patterns in every type of lung cancer. The regulatory function of the most frequently dysregulated transcription factors over lung cancer deregulated genes was validated with ChEA3 enrichment analysis. A Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis linked the dysregulation of the top transcription factors with lung cancer patients' survival. Our results indicate that lung cancer has unique and common deregulated genes and transcription factors with pulmonary arterial hypertension, co-expressed and regulated in a coordinated and cooperative manner by the transcriptional regulatory network that might be associated with critical biological processes and signaling pathways related to the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer, making them potentially relevant tumor biomarkers for lung cancer early diagnosis and targets for the development of personalized therapies against lung cancer.

Regulatory Role of the RUNX2 Transcription Factor in Lung Cancer Apoptosis.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally. Numerous factors intervene in the onset and progression of lung tumors, among which the participation of lineage-specific transcription factors stands out. Several transcription factors important in embryonic development are abnormally expressed in adult tissues and thus participate in the activation of signaling pathways related to the acquisition of the tumor phenotype. RUNX2 is the transcription factor responsible for osteogenic differentiation in mammals. Current studies have confirmed that RUNX2 is closely related to the proliferation, invasion, and bone metastasis of multiple cancer types, such as osteosarcoma, breast cancer (BC), prostate cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Thus, the present study is aimed at evaluating the role of the RUNX2 transcription factor in inhibiting the apoptosis process. Loss-of-function assays using sh-RNA from lentiviral particles and coupled with Annexin/propidium iodide (PI) assays (flow cytometry), immunofluorescence, and quantitative PCR analysis of genes related to cell apoptosis (BAD, BAX, BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1) were performed. Silencing assays and Annexin/PI assays demonstrated that when RUNX2 was absent, the percentage of dead cells increased, and the expression levels of the BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1 genes were downregulated. Furthermore, to confirm whether the regulatory role of RUNX2 in the expression of these genes is related to its binding to the promoter region, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Here, we report that overexpression of the RUNX2 gene in lung cancer may be related to the inhibition of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, specifically, through direct transcriptional regulation of the antiapoptotic gene BCL2 and indirect regulation of BCL-XL and MCL1.

Identification of the Transcriptional Regulatory Role of RUNX2 by Network Analysis in Lung Cancer Cells.

The use of a new bioinformatics pipeline allowed the identification of deregulated transcription factors (TFs) coexpressed in lung cancer that could become biomarkers of tumor establishment and progression. A gene regulatory network (GRN) of lung cancer was created with the normalized gene expression levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the microarray dataset GSE19804. Moreover, coregulatory and transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) analyses were performed for the main regulators identified in the GRN analysis. The gene targets and binding motifs of all potentially implicated regulators were identified in the TRN and with multiple alignments of the TFs' target gene sequences. Six transcription factors (E2F3, FHL2, ETS1, KAT6B, TWIST1, and RUNX2) were identified in the GRN as essential regulators of gene expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and related to the lung tumoral process. Our findings indicate that RUNX2 could be an important regulator of the lung cancer GRN through the formation of coregulatory complexes with other TFs related to the establishment and progression of lung cancer. Therefore, RUNX2 could become an essential biomarker for developing diagnostic tools and specific treatments against tumoral diseases in the lung after the experimental validation of its regulatory function.

The L-Rhamnose Biosynthetic Pathway in Trichomonas vaginalis: Identification and Characterization of UDP-D-Glucose 4,6-dehydratase.

Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases in the world. The adhesion of the parasite to the vaginal epithelial cells is mediated by specific proteins and by a complex glycan structure, the lipoglycan (TvLG), which covers the pathogen surface. L-rhamnose is an important component of TvLG, comprising up to 40% of the monosaccharides. Thus, the inhibition of its production could lead to a severe alteration in the TvLG structure, making the L-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway an attractive pharmacologic target. We report the identification and characterization of the first committed and limiting step of the L-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway, UDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (UGD, EC 4.2.1.76). The enzyme shows a strong preference for UDP-D-glucose compared to dTDP-D-glucose; we propose that the mechanism underlying the higher affinity for the UDP-bound substrate is mediated by the differential recognition of ribose versus the deoxyribose of the nucleotide moiety. The identification of the enzymes responsible for the following steps of the L-rhamnose pathway (epimerization and reduction) was more elusive. However, sequence analyses suggest that in T. vaginalis L-rhamnose synthesis proceeds through a mechanism different from the typical eukaryotic pathways, displaying intermediate features between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathways and involving separate enzymes for the epimerase and reductase activities, as observed in bacteria. Altogether, these results form the basis for a better understanding of the formation of the complex glycan structures on TvLG and the possible use of L-rhamnose biosynthetic enzymes for the development of selective inhibitors.

Transcriptional regulation of CDKN2A/p16 by sirtuin 7 in senescence.

Cell senescence is a state of limited cell proliferation during a stress response or as part of a programmed process. When a senescent cell stops dividing, maintaining metabolic activity contributes to cellular homeostasis maintenance. In this process, the cell cycle is arrested at the G0/G1 phase. p16INK4A protein is a key regulator of this process via its cyclin­dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) function. CDKI 2A (CDKN2A)/p16 gene expression is regulated by DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD+)­dependent deacetylases that have properties which prevent diseases and reverse certain aspects of aging (such as immune, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases). By performing quantitative PCR, Western blot, ChIP, and siRNAs assays, in this study it was demonstrated that CDKN2A/p16 gene transcriptional activation and repression were accompanied by selective deposition and elimination of histone acetylation during the senescence of MRC5 cells. Specifically, significant H3K9Ac and H3K18Ac enrichment in cells with a senescent phenotype concomitant with CDKN2A/p16 gene overexpression was demonstrated compared with the non­senescent phenotype. Furthermore, the presence of H3K18Ac in deacetyl­transferase SIRT7 knockdown MRC5 cells allowed CDKN2A/p16 promoter activation. These results suggested that SIRT7 served as a critical component of an epigenetic mechanism involved in senescence mediated by the CDKN2A/p16 gene.

Identifying General Tumor and Specific Lung Cancer Biomarkers by Transcriptomic Analysis.

The bioinformatic pipeline previously developed in our research laboratory is used to identify potential general and specific deregulated tumor genes and transcription factors related to the establishment and progression of tumoral diseases, now comparing lung cancer with other two types of cancer. Twenty microarray datasets were selected and analyzed separately to identify hub differentiated expressed genes and compared to identify all the deregulated genes and transcription factors in common between the three types of cancer and those unique to lung cancer. The winning DEGs analysis allowed to identify an important number of TFs deregulated in the majority of microarray datasets, which can become key biomarkers of general tumors and specific to lung cancer. A coexpression network was constructed for every dataset with all deregulated genes associated with lung cancer, according to DAVID's tool enrichment analysis, and transcription factors capable of regulating them, according to oPOSSUM´s tool. Several genes and transcription factors are coexpressed in the networks, suggesting that they could be related to the establishment or progression of the tumoral pathology in any tissue and specifically in the lung. The comparison of the coexpression networks of lung cancer and other types of cancer allowed the identification of common connectivity patterns with deregulated genes and transcription factors correlated to important tumoral processes and signaling pathways that have not been studied yet to experimentally validate their role in lung cancer. The Kaplan-Meier estimator determined the association of thirteen deregulated top winning transcription factors with the survival of lung cancer patients. The coregulatory analysis identified two top winning transcription factors networks related to the regulatory control of gene expression in lung and breast cancer. Our transcriptomic analysis suggests that cancer has an important coregulatory network of transcription factors related to the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer. Moreover, lung cancer has a group of genes and transcription factors unique to pulmonary tissue that are coexpressed during tumorigenesis and must be studied experimentally to fully understand their role in the pathogenesis within its very complex transcriptomic scenario. Therefore, the downstream bioinformatic analysis developed was able to identify a coregulatory metafirm of cancer in general and specific to lung cancer taking into account the great heterogeneity of the tumoral process at cellular and population levels.

Structural Analysis of the Black-Legged Tick Saliva Protein Salp15.

Salp15 is one of the proteins in the saliva of the tick Ixodes scapularis. Together with other biomolecules injected into the mammalian host at the biting site, it helps the tick to sustain its blood meal for days. Salp15 interferes with the cellular immune response of the mammalian host by inhibiting the activation of CD4+ T-lymphocytes. This function is co-opted by pathogens that use the tick as a vector and invade the host when the tick bites, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Because of the immunity-suppressing role of Salp15, it has been proposed as a candidate for therapeutic applications in disorders of the immune system. The protein is produced as a 135-residue long polypeptide and secreted without its N-terminal signal 1-21 sequence. Detailed structural studies on Salp15 are lacking because of the difficulty in producing large amounts of the folded protein. We report the production of Salp15 and its structural analysis by NMR. The protein is monomeric and contains a flexible N-terminal region followed by a folded domain with mixed α + ß secondary structures. Our results are consistent with a three-dimensional structural model derived from AlphaFold, which predicts the formation of three disulfide bridges and a free C-terminal cysteine.

Preescolar con divertículo de Zenker y hallazgo intraoperatorio de cuerpo extraño esofágico / Preschool-age child with Zenker's diverticulum and intraoperative finding of an esophageal foreign body

Introducción. El divertículo de Zenker es una evaginación sacular ciega que puede presentarse a nivel faringoesofágico. No se conoce exactamente su incidencia en la edad pediátrica, constituyendo una patología muy infrecuente. La sintomatología es inespecífica, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico precoz y determina un mayor riesgo de complicaciones asociadas. Caso clínico. Paciente preescolar femenina con cuadro recurrente de emesis con deshidratación, posteriormente asociado a disfagia, a quien se le diagnosticó un divertículo de Zenker. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico con hallazgo intraoperatorio de dilatación esofágica, un área de estenosis secundaria al hallazgo incidental de un cuerpo extraño y divertículo de Zenker en la región lateral del esófago dilatado. Discusión. Esta patología es extremadamente rara, pero se debe tener en cuenta dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales en pacientes con sintomatología faringo-esofágica. Conclusión. Se presenta una preescolar sin antecedente de procedimientos esofágicos o malformaciones congénitas asociadas con diagnóstico de un divertículo de Zenker y dilatación esofágica por un cuerpo extraño, tratada quirúrgicamente de forma exitosa.

Introduction. Zenker's diverticulum is a blind saccular evagination that can present at the pharyngoesophageal level. Its incidence in pediatric age is not exactly known, constituting a very infrequent pathology. The symptoms are nonspecific, which makes early diagnosis difficult and determines a higher risk of associated complications.Clinical case. Female preschool patient with recurrent dehydration due to emesis, later associated with dysphagia, who was diagnosed with Zenker's diverticulum. Surgical treatment was performed with intraoperative finding of esophageal dilation, an area of stenosis secondary to the incidental finding of a foreign body, and a Zenker's diverticulum in the lateral region of the dilated esophagus. Discussion. This pathology is extremely rare, but it should be taken into account within the differential diagnoses in patients with pharyngo-esophageal symptoms. Conclusion: We present a preschool female patient with no history of esophageal procedures or congenital malformations associated with a diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal dilation due to a foreign body, successfully treated surgically.

[Videourodynamics: Current indications, technique and considerations.] / Videourodinamia: indicaciones actuales, técnicas y consideraciones.

OBJECTIVES: Describe the technique, indications and the correct interpretation given the findings in different clinical entities, and to serve as a guide for urologists, urology residents and even medical students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was performed using Pubmed, Cochrane and Scopus database for articles and guidelines published between January 1970 and June 2020. RESULTS: Videourodynamics is a diagnostic procedure that combines the urodynamic study with simultaneous images of the lower urinary tract to assess the anatomy and function during the different phases of micturition.This study provides important information that can modify therapeutic behavior and therefore clinical outcomes of patients. CONCLUSION: The role of videourodynamics becomes more relevant nowadays in the assessment of the pathophysiology of voiding dysfunction, being the gold standard for the workup of neurogenic bladder and voiding dysfunction in young people and women and, possibly in persistent/recurrent incontinence in both men and women.

OBJETIVO: Describir la técnica, las indicaciones y la correcta interpretación dados los hallazgos en diferentes entidades clínicas, y servir como guía para urólogos, residentes de urología e incluso estudiantes de medicina.MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica internacional de artículos o guías en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane y Scopus entre enero de 1970 y junio de 2020. RESULTADOS: La videourodinamia es un procedimiento diagnóstico que integra el estudio urodinámico con imágenes simultáneas del tracto urinario inferior para evaluar la anatomía y la función durante las diferentes fases de micción. Este estudio aporta información relevante que puede modificar la conducta terapéutica y por ende los desenlaces clínicos de los pacientes.CONCLUSIÓN: El papel de la videourodinamia cada vez toma más relevancia en la evaluación de la fisiopatología de la disfunción miccional, siendo incluso el patrón de oro para el estudio de disfunción vesical neurogénica y trastornos del vaciado en jóvenes y mujeres y, posiblemente la incontinencia recidivada tanto en hombres como en mujeres.